Reajustando el neoliberalismo en el derecho internacional: expropiación indirecta y cambio normativo
Este artículo busca estudiar la historia relativamente inexplorada de la expropiación indirecta en el derecho internacional de inversiones. Sostiene que se han producido dos cambios importantes en su evolución desde su creación alrededor de 1917. El primero se refiere a su transformación, a lo largo de los años 1960 y 1970, de una norma residual que protegía a los inversores y al mismo tiempo acomodaba el derecho de los Estados a perseguir el interés público, a una norma marcadamente neoliberal que proporcionaba un nivel considerablemente mayor de protección a los inversores, a expensas del poder regulador del Estado. El segundo cambio, alrededor del año 2000, marcó el regreso de la norma a un paradigma moderadamente estatista, en gran medida bajo la doctrina de poderes regulatorios legítimos. El artículo utiliza esta reconstrucción histórica para reflexionar sobre la dinámica del cambio de normas en el derecho internacional de inversiones y en el derecho internacional en general. Sugiere cuatro factores teóricos reconocibles en la trayectoria de la expropiación indirecta y centrales en la evolución de cualquier norma internacional: la inestabilidad normativa, la baja autoridad institucional, los intereses de los Estados poderosos y la vigilancia pública.
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