Reformando la solución de controversias inversor-Estado antes de la próxima sindemia

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

In the midst of a legitimacy crisis in investor-State dispute settlement regime, COVID-19 syndemic may lead States to the perfect storm as a result of the enlargement of the national policy space in order to tackle health, social and economic impacts. Thus, this piece aims to identify measures adopted by Latin American States which may be challenged by foreign investors’ claims. It also addresses the protection of national policy space and argues that the roadmap for reshaping the regime should include the following options: 1) moratorium on pending disputes and restriction on future claims related to Covid-19 measures;
2) introduction of counterclaims as a general rule; 3) reference to right to regulate in investment agreements; 4) exclusion of protected areas or policies.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Bas Vilizzio, M. (2023). Reformando la solución de controversias inversor-Estado antes de la próxima sindemia. Anuario Mexicano De Derecho Internacional, 23(23), 339–364. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487872e.2023.23.17901
Sección
Comentarios

Citas

Abel, Patrick, “Counterclaims based on international human rights obligations of investors in international investment arbitration. Fallacies and potentials of the 2016 ICSID Urbaser v. Argentina Award”, Brill Open Law, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/23527072-00101003.

Acafremin et al. “Open Letter to Governments on ISDS and Covid-19”, 2020, available at: http://s2bnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/OpenLetterOnISDSAndCOVID_June2020.pdf.

ADP International S.A. and Vinci Airports S.A.S. v. Republic of Chile International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/21/40, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/9727.

Aguas del Tunari, S.A. v. Republic of Bolivia, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/02/3, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/57.

Anderson, Elizabeth, “What is the Point of Equality?”, Ethics, vol. 109,

no. 2, 1999, available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/233897.

ANDINA, “Embajadas de cuatro países envían carta al Congreso por ley que suspende cobro de peajes”, June 5, 2020, available at: https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-embajadas-cuatro-paises-envian-carta-al-congreso-ley-suspende-cobro-peajes-800468.aspx.

Arato, Julian, “Corporations as Lawmakers”, Harvard International Law Journal, Cambridge, vol. 56, no. 2, Summer 2015, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2585214.

Bas Vilizzio, Magdalena, América del Sur ante los tratados bilaterales de inversión: ¿hacia un retorno del Estado en la solución de controversias?, Montevideo, Universidad de la República, 2017.

Bas Vilizzio, Magdalena, “Acuerdo Mercosur-Unión Europea: sombras y ausencia de la solución de controversias Inversor-Estado”, Fundación Carolina, 2019, available at: https://www.fundacioncarolina.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/DT_FC_21.pdf.

Bas Vilizzio, Magdalena, “¿Soberanía en la encrucijada? Nuevas aproximaciones desde la solución de controversias inversor-estado”, in Martens de Willmars, Frédéric (ed.), Nuevos tiempos, nuevos espacios para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Derecho Internacional. Valencia, Tirant Lo Blanch, 2022.

Brower, Charles and Schill, Stephan, “Is arbitration a threat or a boon to the legitimacy of international investment law?”, Chicago Journal of International Law, Chicago, vol. 9, no. 2, 2009, doi:10.1093/ejil/chp019.

CCSI, “Call for ISDS moratorium during COVID-19 crisis and response”, 2020, available at: http://ccsi.columbia.edu/2020/05/05/isds-moratorium-during-covid-19/.

Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Corporation v. Ecuador (Chevron II). Permanent Court of Arbitration case number 2009-23, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/257.

CMS Gas Transmission Company v. The Republic of Argentina, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/01/8, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/906.

Constitutional Tribunal of Peru, Unconstitutionality Sentence 0006-2020-PI, 25 August 2020, available at: https://www.tc.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/00006-2020-PI-PROYECTO-PENDIENTE-DE-DELIBERACI%C3%93N.pdf.

Continental Casualty Company v. The Argentine Republic, International Centre for Settlement of Investment, Disputes case number ARB/03/9, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/329.

Crosbie, Eric and Thomson, George, “Regulatory chills: tobacco industry legal threats and the politics of tobacco standardised packaging in New Zealand”, New Zealand Medical Journal, vol. 131, no. 1473, 2018, available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6490166/pdf/nihms-960898.pdf.

Dietz, Thomas et al., “The legitimacy crisis of investor-state arbitration and the new EU investment court system”, Review of International Political Economy, vol. 26, no. 4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1620308.

Eberhardt, Pia and Olivet, Cecilia, Profiting from injustice, Corporate Europe Observatory, Transnational Institute, 2012.

Echaide, Javier, “Efectividad de los derechos humanos y sociales en jaque: arbitrajes de inversiones en el marco del COVID-19”, Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, no. 51, 2021, available at: https://doi.org/10.24215/25916386e092.

Eco Oro Minerals Corp. v. Republic of Colombia, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/16/41, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/6320.

Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/01/3, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/401.

Financial Times, “Virus lays bare the frailty of the social contract”. Editorial. April 3, 2020, available at: https://www.ft.com/content/7eff769a-74dd-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca.

Fineman, Martha, “Vulnerability and Social Justice”, Valparaiso University Law Review, vol. 53, no. 2, 2019, available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol53/iss2/2.

Fineman, Martha, “The Vulnerable Subject and the Responsive State”, Emory Law Journal, vol. 60, 2010, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1694740.

Franck, Susan, “The Legitimacy Crisis in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Privatizing Public International Law Through Inconsistent Decisions”, Fordham Law Review, vol. 73, 2015 available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss4/10.

Franck, Thomas, The power of legitimacy among nations. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.

Gallagher, Kevin and Kozul-Wright, Richard, “Breaking Out of the Double Squeeze: The Need for Fiscal and Policy Space during the COVID-19 Crises”, Global Policy Journal, June 26, 2020, available at: https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/26/06/2020/breaking-out-double-squeeze-need-fiscal-and-policy-space-during-covid-19-crises.

Ghiotto, Luciana, “¿Unctad pro-desarrollo o pro-liberalización? Un estudio de los cambios en el organismo a la luz de las políticas sobre inversiones” in Echaide, Javier (ed.), Inversiones extranjeras y responsabilidad internacional de las empresas. Problemáticas en torno al CIADI, los TBI y los derechos humanos, Buenos Aires, B de F, 2017.

Glencore Finance (Bermuda) Limited v. Plurinational State of Bolivia, Permanent Court of Arbitration case number 2016-39, Procedural Order No. 11: available at: https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw11514.pdf.

Guterres, António, “Tackling the Inequality Pandemic: A New Social Contract for a New Era”, Nelson Mandela Lecture, July 18, 2020, available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-07-18/secretary-

generals-nelson-mandela-lecture-%E2%80%9Ctackling-the-inequality-pandemic-new-social-contract-for-new-era%E2%80%9D-delivered.

Hernández González, José, “Regulación económica y arbitraje internacional de inversiones”, Revista Electrónica de Direito, vol. 1, 2017, available at: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6421947&orden=0&info=link.

Horton, Richard, “Offline: Covid-19 is not a pandemic”, The Lancet, vol. 396, No. 10255, 2020, doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32000-6.

Infinito Gold Ltd. v. Costa Rica, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/14/5, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/2258.

Investment Treaty News, “French consortium kicks off an ICSID claim against Chile after USD 37 million loss due to Covid-19 Pandemic”, March 21, 2021, available at: https://www.iisd.org/itn/en/2021/03/23/french-consortium-kicks-off-an-icsid-claim-against-chile-after-usd-37-million-loss-due-to-covid-19-pandemic/.

Kendra, T. et al. “The Morocco-Nigeria BIT: A new breed of investment treaty?” Practical Law Arbitration Blog, November 16, 2017, available at: http://arbitrationblog.practicallaw.com/the-morocco-nigeria-bit-a-new-breed-of-investment-treaty/.

Keohane, Robert, “The contingent legitimacy of multilateralism”, in Newman, Edward et al. (ed.), Multilateralism Under Challenge: Power, International Order, and Structural Change, Tokyo, New York, UNU Press, 2006.

Kirk, Stacey, “Tobacco plain packaging likely to be law by end of year-John Key”, Dominion Post, 15 February 2016, available at: http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/76917027/tobacco-plain-packaginglikely-to-be-law-by-end-of-year--john-key.

Kohn, Nina, “Vulnerability Theory and the Role of Government”, Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, vol. 26, no. 1, 2014, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2562737.

LG&E. Energy Corp., LG&E Capital Corp., and LG&E International, Inc. v. Argentine Republic, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/02/1, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/621.

Mccluskey, Martha et al., “Vulnerability Theory and The Political Economy of Resilience”, Law and Political Economy Project, 9 July 2021, available at: https://lpeproject.org/blog/vulnerability-theory-and-the-political-economy-

of-resilience/.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de Bolivia, “Bolivia y el CIADI: crónica de un divorcio anunciado”, en Valdomir, Sebastián and Santos, Carlos (ed.), Soberanía de los pueblos o intereses empresariales, Fundación Solón, Redes Amigos de la Tierra, Uruguay Sustentable, Amigos de la Tierra, 2008.

Morosini, Fabio and Ratton Sanchez Badin, Michelle, “Reconceptualizing International Investment Law from the Global South: An Introduction”, in Morosini, Fabio and Ratton Sanchez Badin, Michelle (ed.), Reconceptualizing International Investment Law from the Global South, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.

Mouyal, Lone, International Investment Law and the Right to Regulate - A human rights perspective, London, Routledge, 2016.

Nedumpara, James, “India’s Trade and Investment Agreements. Striking a balance between investor protection rights and development concerns”, in Morosini, Fabio and Ratton Sanchez Badin, Michelle (ed.), Reconceptualizing International Investment Law from the Global South, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018.

Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/09/12, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/783.

Perrone, Nicolás, “The International Investment Regime after the Global Crisis of Neoliberalism: Rupture or Continuity”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 23, 2016, available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol23/iss2/8.

Perrone, Nicolás, “Speed, law and the global economy: How economic acceleration contributes to inequality and precarity”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Leiden, vol. 33, no. 3, June 2020, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156520000242.

Perrone, Nicolás, Investment Treaties and the Legal Imagination, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.

Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, Permanent Court of Arbitration case number 2012-12, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/851.

Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/10/7, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/460.

Postiga, Andrea Rocha, “A emergência do direito administrativo global como ferramenta de regulação transnacional do investimento estrangeiro direto”, Revista de Direito Internacional, vol. 10, no. 1, 2013, doi:10.5102/rdi.v10i1.2369.

Prasad, Ananthakrishnan et al. “Mobilizing Private Climate Financing in Emerging Market and Developing Economies”, International Monetary Fund, 2022, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2022/07/26/Mobilizing-Private-Climate-Financing-in-Emerging-Market-and-Developing-Economies-520585.

Rich, Phillip, “What Can We Learn from Vulnerability Theory?”, Honors Projects 352, 2018, available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/honorsprojects/352.

Sempra Energy International v. The Argentine Republic, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number ARB/02/16, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/1002.

Slowakische Republik v Achmea BV, Case C‑284/16, Judgment of the Court, Grand Chamber, 6 March 2018, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62016CJ0579.

Singer, Merrill, Introduction to syndemics. A critical systems approach to public and community health, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2009.

Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy, Resistance and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Tanzi, Attila, “State of Necessity”, The Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, 2021, available at: https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1071.

The Economist, “COVID-19 has transformed the welfare state. Which changes will endure?”. March 6, 2021, available at: https://www.economist.com/briefing/2021/03/06/covid-19-has-transformed-the-welfare-state-which-changes-will-endure.

The Estate of Julio Miguel Orlandini-Agreda and Compañía Minera Orlandini Ltda. v. Bolivia, Permanent Court of Arbitration case number 2018-39, Procedural Order No. 7 (on Respondent Request for Suspension of the Time-limit for Submission of its Statement of Defense) available at https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw11453.pdf.

The Renco Group, Inc. v. Republic of Peru [I], International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case number UNCT/13/1, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/906

The Renco Group, Inc. v. Republic of Peru [II], Permanent Court of Arbitration case number 2019-46, available at: https://www.italaw.com/cases/6179.

Titi, Catherine. The right to regulate in International Investment Law, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2014.

UNCTAD, Investment policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, Special Issue No. 4, Geneva, 2020, available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcbinf2020d3_en.pdf.

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2015. Reforming international investment governance, Geneva, 2015, available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2015_en.pdf.

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives, Geneva, 2003, available at: https://unctad.org/en/Docs/wir2003light_en.pdf.

Ünüvar, Güneş and Küçüksu, Aysel, “From Protection to Governance of Foreign Investment: Vulnerability Theory as a Paradigm Shift in International Investment Law”, EJIL: Talk!, 27.12.19, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/from-protection-to-governance-of-foreign-investment-vulnerability-theory-as-a-paradigm-shift-in-international-investment-law/.

Urzúa Farías, Andrés, “Sistema de solución de controversias inversionista-Estado (ISDS) en crisis: Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea”, Revista de Derecho Económico, vol. 78, No. 1, 2021, doi:10.5354/0719-7462.2021.64493.

Van Harten, Gus and Loughlin, Martin, “Investment Treaty Arbitration as a Species of Global Administrative Law”, The European Journal of International Law, vol. 17, num. 1., 2016, doi:10.1093/ejil/chi159 2016:149.

Zayas, Alfred de, “Report of the Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order”, A/70/285. New York, United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/285.